It's very hard on the tc & vicious coupler to to be driving around without the front driveshaft connected for one thing on the 249 t-case.
Did this seem to happen afterwards on the way back or was the tranny slipping the whole duration of the drive?
Keep in mind that even though the front driveshaft is removed, power is being distributed to the front regardless & without the front wheels to help grab concrete, your only providing partial power the the rear wheels causing more stress on the t-case to get you going the way it felt with it connected.
As a suggestion, you may want to join jeepforum . com & search the archives as there are several write-ups that may relate or pertain to your particular issue.
I would search tranny slipping, vicious coupler & front driveshaft removed???
I'm no expert, but I hope this bit of info will get you started...